Common European Army Essay Example for Free

Basic European Army Essay The UK and France have been happy to follow the USA’s case of military power and indicated support for the possibility of an EU armed force. Different countries have obviously dismissed this methodology based on conservative contentions and on the grounds that they are hesitant to focus on the significant level of military spending this would infer. While the EU likes to consider itself to be the representative of the world and display its accomplishments with the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), it despite everything contemplates the chance of a widely appealing methodology of militarization and securitization. There is no need as respects the formation of European Union Army since part states as of now coordinate adequately with one another. Making an EU armed force would end up being superfluous on the grounds that most European states are now individuals from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. For a very long while NATO has been protecting the military interests of Europe. It is difficult to see an issue that NATO can't comprehend, which the European Defense Force could. NATO exists to manage circumstances of such size that the countries of Western Europe are probably going to embrace a typical guard strategy. Conversely, the EDF is focused at littler geopolitical episodes which would some way or another be ‘beneath’ the notification of NATO. Lamentably littler episodes by their tendency don't effectsly affect all EU part countries, and are thusly far-fetched to produce an agreement of strategy among EU countries. The EU has as much force as it has, whether or not they have a solitary military or every country collaborates as needs be with its own powers. A solitary military may give the presence of more force, however nothing increasingly except if extraordinary arrangement changes obliged its creation. It very well may be closed, hence, that there is no earnest need for making a typical European armed force as of now and for the present NATO is adequate for the EU protection strategy. Making a typical European Army would not be as per the EU strategy and would subvert the sway of part states. Regardless of whether we expect that the huge expenses of a standing military power can be borne by the EU and ts individuals, the key obstructions to setting up a standing safeguard power are frequently political. Making an European Defense Force again would require to settle on a few inquiries, in particular the order structure, regardless of whether the job should be simply protective or incorporate peacekeeping, the decision of gear and provider, making a typical resistance strategy, and picking a language of correspondence. These inquiries include political contemplations or financial personal stakes, which are all prone to bring about progressing fighting that will yield an incapable EDF. The Treaty of Lisbon anticipates that Member States can make accessible regular citizen and military assets to the Union for the usage of its Common Security and Defense activities. Be that as it may, any Member State has the privilege to restrict such activities and all commitments to them will be consistently on a deliberate premise. There is practically zero will among EU governments to build protection spending to the kind of levels required to make an EU based safeguard and security sound. To be sure, just the Dutch government has assigned a particular piece of their safeguard financial plan for the ESDP. A gathering of Member States who are willing and have the important ability will have the option to embrace demobilization activities, helpful and salvage errands, military guidance and harmony keeping undertakings. No Member State can be compelled to take an interest in such activities. Taking everything into account it is sensible to state that, in spite of the fact that the making of a typical European armed force may bring greater solidarity it will be an unreasonable demonstration, since the enthusiasm of part countries in the region of guard strategy are extremely unique. Along these lines, so as to safeguard power and budgetary soundness military abilities in the EU ought to stay in national hands.

Movie Summary Losing Isaiah Essay Example

Film Summary Losing Isaiah Paper The film Losing Isaiah is about a youthful mother named Khaila who is poor, uneducated, and a break fanatic. With no home or family support, she is separated from everyone else with her new newborn child. One night, frantic to get high, she leaves her youngster in a cardboard box in the city. Promptly the following morning, the child is found crying by the city worker similarly as his truck was going to pulverize the junk. The infant is promptly shipped to the emergency clinic and checked and it is resolved that the newborn child is dependent on cocaine. Inside days, a social specialist, Margaret Lewin, is allocated to the baby’s case and before long goes gaga for the infant, Isaiah.She carries him to live with her better half and their little girl. In the mean time, Khaila woke up toward the beginning of the day to acknowledge what she had done. She dashed back and quickly scanned through the garbage for her child and when she couldn’t discover him, she accepted he was removed of and likely dead. Khaila wailed and was suffering from extreme melancholy; she went out and got high until she was captured for shoplifting. Once captured, she was set into a recovery place that at last spared her life. The film hops three years to when Isaiah had authoritatively been received by the Lewin family. Right now, Khaila is figuring out how to peruse and is procuring a living by filling in as a parental figure. At some point while perusing a book with her case manager about a pregnant lady who lost her kid, she separates crying.She at long last offers with her case manager about the loss of her child. The case manager discovers that infant Isaiah is as yet alive and helps Khaila employ an attorney to recover her child. At the point when she goes to court, this case raises numerous issues like neediness, racial character, parental rights, youngster and family equity. At long last, the birth mother wins the case and Isaiah is come back to her. Be that as it may, Isaiah doesn't modify well, so Khaila concluded that Isaiah is more joyful living with his received guardians for the present. We will compose a custom paper test on Movie Summary Losing Isaiah explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Movie Summary Losing Isaiah explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Movie Summary Losing Isaiah explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer 1.Rational Theory †(Septem

Treating Panic Disorder With Art Therapy

Treating Panic Disorder With Art Therapy Panic Disorder Treatment Print Treating Anxiety With Art Therapy Non-traditional treatment options may help manage anxiety symptoms By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 01, 2014 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 18, 2020 Guido Mieth/Taxi/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by persistent and frequently unexpected panic attacks. These attacks are marked by a mix of physical and cognitive symptoms, such as sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, and fearful thoughts. Fearful perceptions about panic attacks can become so severe that you may develop  avoidance behaviors. These avoidance behaviors develop into a separate and commonly co-occurring condition known as agoraphobia, which causes you to stay away from environments or situations that may trigger a panic attack. Panic disorder is a treatable condition and there are several different  treatment options.  When considering therapy, most people envision traditional “talk therapy” or psychotherapy  in which the qualified professional and client meet to discuss symptoms and develop goals. However, artistic endeavors also offer a form of therapeutic healing. How Art Therapy Can Help You Relieve Stress What Is Art Therapy? Art therapy involves the use of art to promote health and wellness. The creative process is based on the belief that self-expression can help you resolve inner conflicts and problems, develop interpersonal skills, manage behavior, lessen stress, and increase your self-awareness.   The use of art therapy for mental health purposes originated during the 1950s when it was found that art-making could assist in healing and coping with symptoms. During the art therapy process, a trained specialist guides the client’s experience through the use of counseling techniques and different types of artistic expressions. Common art mediums used within the art therapy process include painting, drawing, sculpture, collage, and photography. Art therapy does not require that a person has artistic experience or talent; even if you cant draw at all, it can still be beneficial to you. Art therapy can be used in conjunction with traditional individual therapy, group therapy, marriage and family therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy  techniques. How Can Art Therapy Help With Panic and Anxiety? Art therapy provides a way to gain insight and understanding through self-expression. The fears and other emotions that often accompany panic disorder can be hard to express through words alone, so the creative process of art therapy can help you tap into and express deep feelings.   Getting Started in Art Therapy Engaging in creative endeavors on your own may be a great way to combat stress and practice self-care. But to get started in art therapy, you will need a qualified art therapist to help you in the healing process. Qualified art therapists are usually available in a variety of settings, including community agencies, private practices, hospitals, and clinics. When you seek an art therapist, verify that he or she has additional experience working with people with panic disorder. Your current doctor or therapist may be able to refer you to a licensed art therapist. You can also check out the Art Therapy Credentials Board online directory where you can find a listing of available art therapists in your area. Art therapy can be a useful supplement to your therapy but should not be viewed as the sole path to recovery. Work with your therapist and healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive treatment plan for your panic disorder. The Benefits of Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy

Evolution vs. Creationism Essay - 917 Words

Evolution vs. Creationism The Evolution vs. Creationism controversy goes all the way back to the Publishing of Origin of Species in 1859 by Darwin laying the foundation for the evolution of life to be understood. Scientists are continuously finding more evidence to support Darwin’s conclusion; that organisms descended from a common ancestor modified by the mechanism of natural selection resulting in the evolution of species adapting to their environment. The following are the main geological topics concerning creationism: radiometric dating, transitional forms and the Cambrian explosion. Creationism is nothing more than a child’s fairytale that lacks any scientific proof. The aspect of radiometric dating is controversial to most†¦show more content†¦Plus or minus a couple million years has a negligible effect on the results attempting to be obtained. Radiometric dating consistently prove from analysis of bolide fragments that the earth is about 4.6 billion years old and once again disproving the Bible’s 6,000 years. The problem for creationism is that they can’t prove there ‘fairytale’ correct because it’s based on little fact, so they attempt to make the other valid ideas sound ridiculous. Therefore, creationism attempts to prove radiometric dating incorrect and is nothing more than a feeble attempt to bring credibility to there own ideas and beliefs. Secondly, a once thought problem with evolution was the lack of transitional phases in the fossil record. For example it was once thought there were no transitional phases between birds and reptiles; this has now been proven false by paleontologists. Archaeopteryx has distinctive avian characteristics including a wishbone, a bony sternum and feathers (Geology). Several of its reptilian characteristics include unfused metacarpal bones, a long bony tail and three well developed fingers. What is also interesting is that archaeopteryx lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. Again, it seems as if creationists randomly start making assumptions in an attempt to slander other valid theories rather than proving there’s correct (even thought that’s impossible). â€Å"If evolution were true, there would be more transitionalShow MoreRelatedEvolution Creationism Vs. Creationism924 Words   |  4 PagesAny point of contact with the scientific world in the 21st century will eventua lly lead one to the one of the most hotly contested topic in American education, that of evolution versus creationism. While the creationist point of view, as well as the evolutionary perspective, hosts a great variation of opinion amongst its supporters, Christianity is brought to the center stage time after time (Vuletic, 1994). Literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis’ account of creation falls contrary to theRead More Evolution Vs. Creationism Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution vs. Creationism Abstract In the history of science vs. religion there have been no issues more intensely debated than evolution vs. creationism. The issue is passionately debated since the majority of evidence is in favor of evolution, but the creation point of view can never be proved wrong because of religious belief. Human creation breaks down into three simple beliefs; creation theory, naturalistic evolution theory, and theistic evolution theory. The complexities of all threeRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essays1663 Words   |  7 PagesCreationism vs. Evolution This paper will focus on the huge controversy between Creationism and Evolution. I will provide two opposing viewpoints on this subject. First, the discussion will focus on the question of why many people believe that God created the universe and all living things. On the other end of the spectrum, scientific information will be presented that substantiates the evidence against the existence of God. This creationism counter-argument known as evolution has itsRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Where we come from is a question as old as mankind itself. There are countless numbers of religions, each with their own twist on the origins of earth and mankind, but one of the most highly visible debates would be creationism vs. evolution. Depending on where your beliefs lie, the Earth has been around somewhere in the neighborhood of 6,000 years to 4.5 billion years. One would tend to believe that this vast difference in time would make it impossible to have 2 â€Å"theories† thatRead MoreCreationism Vs. Evolution1130 Words   |  5 Pages Where do we come from? The creation of the world has been told through many different stories, and from a variety of religions across the world. The argument between evolution and creation has been debated back and forth for years. So how do we know which claim is correct? Has all life evolved from simple bacteria to all the species that appear today, or did life on earth begin with Gods creation of Adam from dust and his partner Eve from adam’s rib bone. As a child I grew up attending church everyRead MoreEvolution Vs. Creationism Debate1265 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will be explaining two sides of the evolution vs. creationism debate. The topics I am going to write about are fossil evidence, the origin of life, and Darwin’s â€Å"theory† of natural selection. I will be presenting a view of both sides of the argument they will be on the creation side and evolution standpoint. I would suggest that you, the reader, would have a previous knowledge of all the topics so that you may get a full understanding of both sides. If there is no prior knowledgeRead MoreCreationism Vs. Evolution Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagespublished his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which proposed the theory of evolution. This book, along with others that followed, began the long dispute between evolutionist and creationist. Were we created by a supernatural Supreme Being, or did our creation occur purely by chance? First, lets look at the two conflicting theories. Common usage of the term â€Å"evolution† is that living things in our world have come into existence through unguided naturalistic processesRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolution Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesassumptions with empirically deduced scientific theories. The Catholic Church had a nasty habit of persecuting such ideological dissent toward creationism, calling it heresy and thereby somewhat suppressing a complete upheaval of the Scriptures. For many centuries to come, the scientific research grew and developed into theories like the Big Bang and evolution, though primarily in places where such progress was tolerated. The state of Tennessee in 1925 was not such a place. In the town of DaytonRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolution Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pages Creationism is the theory that man, the earth, and the rest of the universe was originally created rather than randomly exploding from nothingness into chance existence. We reside on the surface of a small superbly crafted, autonomous self regulating space vehicle. Together with survival, conquest and death w e bear witness to beauty, fragrances, love and music. Think about this. Mathematics, philosophy, springtime, depravity, farming, courtship, quasars, and iphones; all came from nothingness?,Read MoreEssay on Evolution VS. Creationism1412 Words   |  6 Pagesof man and how all living things acquired their characteristics. The two main theories that arose over time were Creationism and Evolution, both of which provided very distinct answers to this question. Creationism based its answer on the idea of a supernatural power or being that created the entire universe, man and the numerous other organisms that live within it. While, Evolution theorizes that all living things have the potential to change and grow over time into something new and different

My Experience With My Life - 1356 Words

I have heard people discuss the many passions in their lives. Listening to them, I have been puzzled. I simply do not have an abundant number of passions myself. In fact, as I think about it there are really only two subjects of interest that I feel rise to the level of passion for me; my God and sports. These two areas have been integral parts of my life for as long as I can remember. I grew up in the church and much of my young life was spent either there or on a sports field of some sort. These two institutions, I feel have shaped me into the adult that I have become and the career I feel myself called to enter. I graduated from Huntington University in May of 2013 with a Bachelor’s degree in Business Management and a minor in Marketing. I had always felt that a degree in a sports related field was what I was supposed to do. Although I felt God calling me to attend Huntington, a sports management degree was not available at the time. I have also been interested in business, so I chose that major. I had also convinced myself that a career in athletics wasn’t a realistic pursuit. After graduation, I began searching for jobs in the field of business. Yet, I couldn’t shake the feeling that athletics was still what I was truly passionate about and needed to pursue. In August of 2015, I was in the middle of an intensive interview process for a position that was keenly matched to both my talents and prior job experience. The company was a highly respected, non-profit consultingShow MoreRelatedMy Experience In My Life742 Words   |  3 Pagesone has a perfect life or even a per fect family. At times I have experienced what losing someone or something that meant so much to me. I always wondered to myself about why these situations happen to me, which also led me to put myself in a depression stage. My father was diagnosed with liver cancer and infection in his stomach area in March 2015. As he was in and out of the hospital. First, Growing up I never had a good life but I was lucky to have both of my parents in my life. It was a bond withRead MoreMy Experience In My Life1013 Words   |  5 Pages At this point in my life , if i review my previous experiences i would say that i am fairly pleased. Ive been able to gain numerous life and academic skills through hard work and determination. Though many of my experiences havent been pleasant ,in a way it has helped me grow and build my character as a person. As individuals we all go through many harsh obstacles , obstacles we sometimes think we will never overcome . but eventually we do . right ? think about it evenRead MoreMy Experience On My Life1202 Words   |  5 PagesAll I could think of sitting at my desk at work was about the conversation me and my husband had the night before. I sat there staring at my computer screen wondering if it was the right thing to do, or was I just wasting my time on a hope long forgotten. The hours slowly ticked by, and everything I was working on with my customers and their loans were a blur. I couldn’t get that thought out of my head. It was eating away at me. This is something that I have wanted for a long time. I put it on holdRead MoreMy Experience In My Life942 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout a person’s life, there can be many things, such as friends and family, education, or sports, that help them develop skills to turn them into the person they are today. With out these different skills, it can possibly lead to a lower standard of living, which is not what we strive for. The thing that helped me develop my unique skill set that I can use through the rest of my life, which is also my cultural artifact, is a football. Football has taught many different things that I am ableRead MoreMy Experience Of My Life703 Words   |  3 PagesFor the majority of my life, I had been shy, even though it didn’t seem like it most of the time, I was scared to death when I met new people. I know that it sounds extremely trivial, but I feel that when you first meet someone, you’re ultimately giving them their first impression of yourself and that is a lot of pressure. It seemed almost certain that I would lead a life of being a social wallflower until March 2017, more specifically, March 28th, 2017. This day was and still is important to meRead MoreMy Experience In My Life905 Words   |  4 Pagesmajority of my life I have belonged in the littl e world, stretching from Chicago to Cleveland and South Bend to Nashville. The boundaries of my known world have always felt like a limiting factor in my life. While my friends ventured to far away lands every year, I would spend the night at my grandparents house or we would make a day-trip to a city. With spring break approaching my family and I were going to change that, we were going to South Carolina. One dreary cold Indiana morning my family andRead MoreMy Personal Experience : My Experience In My Life1003 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficult to write about my life—not because I do not know what to say, but because I am often fearful of sharing my experiences and having them impact how people view me. My identity and upbringing are not necessarily unique, but I have been in situations that society tends to be uncomfortable with. Repeated sexual assaults, psychological abuse, neglect, and financial hardships are factors in my life that I tried to forget when I started college. Now that I am at the end of my undergraduate educationRead MoreMy Writing Experience : My Experience In My Life921 Words   |  4 PagesAs a Human, throughout life there are many skills that are critical to acquire, during childhood and as you become older. One of the most important and useful skill you will need is writing. From first, learning to write words and sentences, to more advanced writing like essays. Everyone learns to write a little differently, some ways are learning from your parents or learning words and letters in kindergarten. As you get further down the path of life you develop higher skills of writing. As peopleRead MoreMy Experience On My Life953 Words   |  4 PagesThe wind was slicing through my hair as my sweat was dripping off my metallic purple frames. I placed each foot on each of the pedals and took off. My whole world was filled with the rattling sounds coming from the dreaded training wheels. Everything would always come to a stop whenever I would hit each bump. â€Å"I need to get these thing off!† I thought constantly. The training wheels were such a nuisance because they gave me a wobble that kept me off balance, and they provided no extra speed. ThereRead MoreMy Experience In My Life718 Words   |  3 PagesS most of my life. When I came to the United States I was two years old. I have gone back to Pakistan only a few times, but my most r ecent visit was in 2012 when I had just finished 8th grade. One of the fun parts was traveling, because it is always fun to go to different airports and cities, but once you were inside of the plane there wasn’t much to do on the long flights. The flight was 12 hours long so I ended up sleeping a lot to make time go by. It was also pretty hard leaving my parents because

Fighting for Our Rights Free Essays

I have been witness to many movements and many campaigns that involve rights of those concerned. Human rights, animal rights, women’s rights, child rights, minority rights, prisoner’s rights, right to freedom, right to education, right to potable water, right to fight, right to eat, right to sleep, rights of the aged, rights of the marginalised, rights of refugees and war victims, rights of these and rights of those, rights of the left and rights of the right, etc,etc. The list is endless. We will write a custom essay sample on Fighting for Our Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is not my intention to mock those who are suffering and those whose rights have beendeprived but I at times wonderwhy the activists and concerned souls who are serving the deprived don’t want to delve into their own duties and the duties responsibilities of those whoserights they seem to support, uphold and protect. For after all, rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin, just as remembering and forgetting are The problem has assumed such epic proportions in the West that parents are even scared to punish their own children for fear of invoking the wrath of the child rights activists who seem to forget that in the long run a certain amount of discipline is good forthe children whose rights they appear to support and vouch for. I therefore presume they have never heard of the saying â€Å"spare the rod and spoil the child†. The lack of discipline, respect and values may all be attributed to this forgetfulness of duties. I am completely in favour of animal rights and protecting the natural environment of animals but let me tell you about a champion of the environment and animal rights whom I had the misfortune of meeting during my sojourn in Chennai. The person in question is an illustrious personality with undisputable credentials but if you were ever to walk into the office of the aforementioned you will find that the way the staff there are treated is worse than the way animal haters would treat an animal. This person has completely forgotten that it is not only ourduty to protect animals but it isalso our duty not to treat humans like animals. Not only do we have to take care of theenvironment at large but we should also realize that we should provide an ideal environment for our subordinates to work, grow and flourish. I’m not talking merely of the physical environment but also of the environment wherein the individual employee is treated humanely so that he or she realizes that it is their duty to work harder and serve better. I am also a firm believer in the right of children to good and quality education but I do believe that it is also the duty of these children who are provided this quality educationto treat their teachers, parents and the general publicwith respect and love. I believe in the rights of the aged but I cannot simply acceptor forgive those aged who during their better and younger days failed to fulfill their duties as a parent and therefore do not obtain the love or respect of their children who then disown them and abandon them to their ownends. I believe in the rights of war victims and refugees but I alsobelieve that it is the duty of such victims and refugees to ensure that they respect their aggressors and also respect the laws of the host country that provided refuge rather than turning into a fifth column within the host country. I believe in the right of all to uninterrupted supply of potable water but I also believe that it is the duty of allto ensure that they do not pollute the water source and damage the water table. I believe in the rights of minorities but I also believe that it is the duty of the said minorities to treat their majority brethren with love and respect. I believe in my right to believe in a lot of things but also believe that it is my duty to fulfill a lot of responsibilities. Therefore my dear friends may I beseech each and everyone of you who may chance upon this post to obtain and enjoy your rights with a senseof duty and responsibility for as I mentioned earlier rights and duties are two sides of the same coin. If only each one of us were to enjoy our rights with a sense of responsibility and duty, the world would certainly be a better place to live in. How to cite Fighting for Our Rights, Papers

Essay on Psychology The Mozart Effect Example For Students

Essay on Psychology: The Mozart Effect Psychology is a formative science that has led to revolutionary discoveries as to how the human brain functions, develops and in some instances, can be enhanced. Although these fundamental objectives are a valuable resource within our community, it is vital that they are of verity and can be replicated; if not they are redundant to the field. Unfortunately, due to its youth, psychological science does not have a strict system of checks and balances to ensure that remittance procedures can consistently be undertaken for false claims. To this end, this essay will evaluate the questionable validity of the â€Å"Mozart Effect†. The Mozart Effect implies that playing Mozart to a baby will increase its cognitive abilities, a claim which has instigated a rapidly increasing market of â€Å"CDS to make your baby smarter†. This claim, despite having partial merit and widespread popular acceptance, is fundamentally incorrect. Through the analysis of various attempted replication s tudies, it is abundantly clear that the ‘Mozart Effect’ is a falsehood. This is evidenced by: the prominent lack of longevity and replication of successful results; the evaluation of arousal levels on spatial and cognitive enhancement; and, finally, the investigation of procedural flaws in key studies. While playing Mozart can marginally increase spatial performance, the longevity of the increase is doubtful. Improved performance lasts on average only 10 to 15 minutes rather than overall improved cognitive ability for a long term duration, leading to doubts as to the longevity of the speculated Mozart effect (Chabris, C. 1999; McKelvie, P., Low, J. 2002; Bangerter, A., Heath, C. 2004). In addition, these marginal improvements vary in spatial improvement with the original study reporting an average increase of eight to nine IQ points (Rauscher, F. Shaw, G., Ky, K. 1993) but with later studies widely discrediting these results. (Chabris, C. 1999; McKelvie, P., Low, J. 2002; Bangerter, A., Heath, C. 2004). A collaboration of sixteen studies has shown that the Mozart effect does not have an overall improvement on cognitive ability, but rather a marginal enhancement of spatial reasoning due to the music induced stimulation of the right cerebral hemisphere. This an area of the brai n, associated with cognitive arousal and complex visual transformation processes involved with mental rotation of three-dimensional shapes and similar difficult spatial tasks (Chabris, C. 1999). Thus extrapolating that the Mozart effect does not ‘make babies smarter’, it only marginally improves a participant’s spatial intellect immediately after music stimuli. This collaboration of studies provides a broad scope of multiple findings which can account for any anomalies or outliers within individual study findings, however it also inhibits specificity of the results as there is no control of experimental procedures. Further limitations are the varying ages of participants and measurement of results. Ultimately, however, this meta-analysis significantly indicates that even if listening to Mozart was an effective cognitive enhancement, the benefits would only have a moderate effect of a short duration. A more detailed study supported this meta-analysis via its focus on child development and the lack of validity and longevity with the Mozart effect. Dubbing the Mozart effect â€Å"another quick fix† it concluded that Mozart, whether played to or taught to children does not exhibit any long term benefits for cognition (Jones, S. 2002). Although the original study (Rauscher, F., Shaw, G., Ky, K. 1993) instigated the claim that â€Å"Mozart makes babies smarter† further studies have refuted this claim by taking a different approach. These further studies state that it is not just the act of listening to Mozart but rather the response in attitude and arousal from listening to a lively musical piece that increases spatial reasoning. This infers that it is inconsequential which piece is played, as long as it enhances arousal and positive mood. (Thompson, W., Schellenberg, E., Husain, G. 2001; McKelvie, P., Low, J. 2002; Nantais, K., Schellenber, E. 1999) .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e , .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .postImageUrl , .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e , .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e:hover , .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e:visited , .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e:active { border:0!important; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e:active , .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7259d944b3ab9ae07a9c6efca98118e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Moby Dick EssayA study conducted in 1999 supported this arousal hypothesis. Twenty eight undergraduate students were first presented with a narrated story by Stephen King and in following weeks listened to a Mozart sonata. Immediately after each exposure to stimuli, they undertook spatial testing. Following the second test, the participants were asked which stimulus they preferred. Analysis of these results reflected that higher scores achieved on spatial tests strongly correlated with exposure to preferred stimuli (Nantais, K., Schellenber, E. 1999). This study relied on a subject’s own reflection and allowed a time lapse of two weeks between control and variable, leaving many outside factors to affect the participants’ results. Ultimately, however, it indicates that it may not be the act of playing Mozart that achieves a marginal increase in spatial performance, but rather the enhancement of the participant’s arousal levels and mood. This is supported in another study 2001 (Thompson, W., Schellenberg, E., Husain, G. 2001) where 24 participants were sorted into two groups (consisting of undergraduates and graduates aged 24-60), one listening to Mozart sonata – a seemingly upbeat and energetic piece and the other listening to an Albinoni adagio – a sadder and slower piece. The participants were tested with a modiï ¬ ed version of the Standord-Binet intelligence test, focused on Paper Folding and Cutting. They also rated their arousal and mood levels on a Profile of Mood States (POMS). Ratings indicated that those who listened to Mozart reported higher levels of positive mood and arousal and lower levels of neg ativity and complacency whilst those that listened to Albinoni reported low levels of positive mood and arousal and higher levels of negativity and complacency. (Thompson, W., Schellenberg, E., Husain, G. 2001). These results evidence that it may not be the Mozart sonata but the mood that enhances spatial intelligence. This is reflected as moderate levels of arousal enhancing cognitive performance as seen in higher results for participants listening to Mozart whilst very low levels as seen in participants listening to Albinoni inhibiting such performances. (Thompson, W., Schellenberg, E., Husain, G. 2001). Furthermore, positive moods can lead to improved performance on various cognitive and problem solving tasks as positive emotions increase the tendency to combine information and material in new ways and to find correlations between differing stimuli (Isen, A., Daubman, K., Nowicki, G. 1987). In contrast, negative moods and boredom can produce deficits in performance, response to stimuli and learning. (Smallwood, J., Fitzgerald, A., Miles, L., Phillips, L. 2009; Nantais, K., Schellenber, E. 1999) While self-reporting by participants leads to discrepancies in accuracy, overall the study provides a clear indication that arousal and mood are prominent factors in the heightening of one’s spatial and cognitive intelligence, regardless of what amplifies their mood – Mozart’s sonata or otherwise. Although many studies have sought to test this theorem it is nearly impossible to do so in a perfectly controlled environment. To facilitate the most accurate and concise results, it is recommended that researchers re-evaluate test groups, environment and testing resources. To analyse the claim that Mozart makes babies smarter, potential future studies may include assessing child development with and without the playing of Mozart e.g. the speed of language acquisition between two control groups (Jones, S. 2002). This will potentially validate the claim further as it tests subjects in the formative stage – the stage that the claim argues will benefit cognition the most. Additionally, the testing environment must be further controlled. This includes: limited time lapse between experiment and cognitive testing; no outside stimuli or factors e.g. surrounding noises and individual testing. Finally another issue to address is the testing factor where many studies have utilised parti cipant reflection in regards to mood, emotion etc. Although a good indicator, this form of self-evaluative testing is open to discrepancy. Therefore, to mitigate these potential discrepancies, a corroboration of participants’ individual reflection and an observationalist reflection on mood of participants should be used. Although the Mozart effect has shown a varied enhancement of participants’ spatial cognition the claim that ‘Mozart makes babies smarter’ is completely discredited. Through the aforementioned analysis of arousal and mood factors it is clear that cognitive enhancement relies strongly on the participants’ reaction to any stimuli, rather than specifically Mozart. Additionally, the lack of dependency on just one form of stimuli to achieve result indicates that the phenomenon is not specific to Mozart’s sonata. Finally, the limited longevity discredits the importance of the speculated phenomenon as it does not have any long term benefits to the user. Overall, this claim, despite having partial merit is fundamentally incorrect, despite its wide-spread popularist acceptance.